Australia and New Zealand) having successfully developed, tested, and implemented WRA systems, broad-scale application in developing countries that have open and porous borders is yet to occur. pre-border) and manage those that pose a risk once they arrive (i.e. Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) systems have been developed to help screen out those potentially invasive alien plant species prior to their introduction (i.e. Intentional introduction of alien plant species through increased global trade and movement of people worldwide has contributed to the current problem of invasion by alien plant species and their significant impacts to primary production, the environment, human health and society. The relevance of this global review to policy, legislation, and risk assessment and management procedures is discussed.
Nine ‘globally’ high risk species were identified: common carp, black bullhead Ameiurus melas, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, Chinese (Amur) sleeper Perccottus glenii, brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, largemouth (black) bass Micropterus salmoides, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. The most widely-screened species (in decreasing importance) were: grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, common carp Cyprinus carpio, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. The 1973 risk assessments were carried out by 70+ experts on 372 taxa (47 of the 51 species listed as invasive in the Global Invasive Species Database which in decreasing order of importance belonged to the taxonomic Orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes, Characiformes, Salmoniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, with the remaining ≈8% of taxa distributed across an additional 13 orders. The present study aimed: to assess the breadth of FISK applications and the confidence (certainty) levels associated with the decision-support tool’s 49 questions and its ability to distinguish between taxa of low-to-medium and high risk of becoming invasive, and thus provide climate-specific, generalised, calibrated thresholds for risk level categorisation and to identify the most potentially invasive freshwater fish species on a global level. The freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) has been applied in 35 risk assessment areas in 45 countries across the six inhabited continents (11 applications using FISK v1 25 using FISK v2). The latest insights from research in invasion ecology need to be incorporated, and advances in other fields must also be taken into account. Advanced RA protocols are needed for taxa other than plants and vertebrates. Types and levels of uncertainty need to be more effectively incorporated. Further work is needed to sepa-rate likelihood and consequence more explicitly, and provide better and more objective means for assessing risks of impact. Main conclusions Currently available RAs have proven to be cost-effective, but there is room for substantial improvement. Based on the history of the A-WRA, we highlight advances that have been made in assessing risk of alien species for pre-border control and identify remaining challenges. RAs for plants are the most advanced, with the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (A-WRA) being the most widely applied and tested protocol. Results The review is divided into sections on various types and foci of RAs: invasion stage, taxon, ecosystem, assessment method and impact type. We identified priorities for improving our ability to assess risks. Methods A literature review was done to determine which approaches have been developed and fine-tuned over the last two decades, which of these have worked best and which are most widely used. Our aim was to identify important advances and key challenges. We evaluated recent developments in risk assessment (RA) for alien species, with special emphasis on species-based pre-border assessments for intentional introductions. Aim An increasingly important component of invasive species management involves the formal assessment of risks associated with particular species becoming invasive and causing impact.
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